Equipment catalogue

What Qing knows how to buy — and what it will refuse to

categories
1478
freely routable
1283
no export gate on the item itself
classify before outreach
141
control depends on measured parameters
never routed
42
advanced-computing ECCNs

42 categories are refused at the catalogue, not escalated

A PRC-incorporated entity cannot lawfully be the seller of an advanced-computing item (ECCN 3A090 / 4A090) to any destination worldwide, non-US manufacture does not escape the Foreign Direct Product Rule, and every credible PRC accelerator vendor is Entity Listed. Qing refuses at the catalogue rather than opening a conversation and escalating, because the conversation itself creates a record. See the compliance perimeter →

12 near-duplicate pairs need curating — they are why a matched requirement sometimes comes back ambiguous

The importer collapses pure reorderings and empty qualifiers automatically. It will not decide whether “(x86)” distinguishes a product — that depends on whether an ARM variant exists, and guessing wrong destroys a real distinction. These are left for a human.

  • 1.001U dual-socket rack server (x86)↔2U dual-socket rack server (x86)
  • 1.001U tool-less ball-bearing slide rail kit↔2U tool-less ball-bearing slide rail kit
  • 1.00Active optical cable (AOC), 400G/800G↔Active optical cable (AOC), 400G/800G, 3-30 m
  • 1.00Cable management arm (CMA) 1U/2U↔Cable management arm (CMA)
  • 1.00Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/E1.S/E3.S, 3.84-30.72 TB↔Enterprise NVMe SSD, E3.S
  • 1.00Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/U.3↔Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/E1.S/E3.S, 3.84-30.72 TB
  • 1.00Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/U.3↔Enterprise NVMe SSD, E3.S
  • 1.00General-purpose 2U dual-socket rack server↔1U dual-socket rack server
  • 1.00High-capacity QLC NVMe SSD↔E1.L NVMe QLC high-capacity SSD
  • 1.00Type 2 surge protective device↔Surge protective device, Type 1+2 and Type 2
  • 0.88Rear-door heat exchanger, active (fan-assisted)↔Rear-door heat exchanger, active (fan-assisted), 60-100 kW
  • 0.88Single-phase immersion dielectric fluid, synthetic ester base↔Single-phase immersion dielectric fluid (synthetic hydrocarbon / ester)
All 1478Cooling 296Power 270IT hardware 240Facility systems 212White space 198Optics & cabling 111Compute 72Consumables 49Prefabricated 30

IT hardware

Each carries the questions that make two quotes comparable, and the traps specific to it

showing 60
  • 1U/2U bare rackmount chassis1U/2U 服务器机箱 (裸机箱)
    IT hardwareHS 8473.30 / 7326.90contestedper chassisCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 1U blower / centrifugal fan1U 鼓风机 / 离心风扇
    IT hardwareHS 8414.59per pcCN supply: strong
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 1U dual-socket rack server1U 双路机架式服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8471.49contestedper unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 1U dual-socket rack server (x86)1U双路机架式服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    The workhorse SKU. Vendor choice is an Entity List question, not an engineering one.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • 1U short-depth telco/NEBS server1U 短机身电信级服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 200G/400G Ethernet NIC200G/400G以太网卡
    IT hardwareHS 8517.62per pcCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Distinguish a NIC from a SmartNIC in the quote. Vendors use the terms loosely and the classification differs.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • 2.5in 10K/15K SAS HDD2.5寸 10K SAS机械硬盘
    IT hardwareHS 8471.70per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • REFURBISHED DRIVES WITH RESET SMART. The 2025 Seagate scandal saw drives with tens of thousands of hours sold as new after SMART counters were zeroed. RFQ defence: demand `smartctl -l farm` output (smartmontools 7.4+) on 3 random units — Seagate FARM (Field Accessible Reliability Metrics) records Power-on Hours and Head Flight Hours independently and is not resettable by the tools fraudsters use. A FARM/SMART mismatch is proof, not suspicion.
    • THE POWER-CYCLE TELL. Even without FARM, a reset drive gives itself away: 2 power-on hours against 2,400 power cycles is impossible for a genuinely new drive. Always ask for power-on hours AND power cycle count AND Percentage Used together — resetters usually zero one field and forget the others.
    • COUNTERFEIT CAPACITY. SSD firmware is modified to report far more capacity than the physical NAND holds; the drive writes normally until it wraps and silently corrupts. RFQ defence: require a full-span write-then-verify test (h2testw or `badblocks -w`) on a sample, plus the flash-ID readout showing die count and per-die capacity.
    • DRAM-LESS CONTROLLERS SOLD AS ENTERPRISE. Especially in M.2 2280 and cheap U.2. RFQ defence: ask for onboard DRAM size in GB (expect roughly 1GB per 1TB NAND), reject HMB, and demand high-resolution photos of both PCB faces — a DRAM package is visible or it is not there.
    • FIRMWARE-ONLY 'PLP'. Sellers claim power loss protection with no capacitors. RFQ defence: ask for capacitor type and count and have them pointed out in the board photo; ask for JESD218 power-cycling test results. Real hardware PLP is physically countable.
    • M.2 2280 'WITH PLP'. 80mm boards rarely have room for a real capacitor bank; 22110 exists precisely because 110mm does. A 2280 PLP claim needs a board photo before it is believed.
    • THE NEARLINE HDD 'MANUFACTURER'. No PRC company manufactures hard disk drives. Only Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba do. Any Chinese seller describing itself as the factory for 20-32TB nearline drives is a trader, relabeller or refurbisher. RFQ defence: ask for the OEM part number and an authorisation letter or upstream purchase invoice, and state in the question that you know no PRC manufacturer exists.
  • 2U 12x 3.5in hybrid storage server2U 12盘位混合存储服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 2U2N multi-node server (two nodes per chassis)2U两节点服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8471.49contestedper chassis + node countCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 2U 4-GPU inference server2U 四卡推理服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per systemCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 2U4N multi-node server (four nodes per chassis)2U四节点服务器 (2U4N)
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8471.49contestedper chassis + node countCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 2U 4-node multi-node server (high-density)2U四子星/多节点服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • 2U all-flash NVMe server (24x U.2/E3.S)2U 全闪存NVMe服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 2U dual-socket general-purpose server2U双路通用服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • 'OEM' means the opposite of what you think. A Chinese seller saying OEM almost always means 代工/贴牌 — they will build or relabel to your spec, with no brand IP behind it. A Western buyer hears 'made by Dell/HPE'. Never accept the word; ask which factory designed the board and which built it, and get FCC ID / CMIIT ID and PCB silkscreen photos.
    • Engineering samples sold as production silicon. ES/QS CPUs are typically 30-50% below retail, carry no vendor warranty, and can be unstable in specific workloads. Intel states the S-spec is printed only on the IHS, that 'Intel Confidential' or a missing brand string identifies an ES, and that it may retain or destroy re-marked product. QS is nearer retail but is still a sample. Demand IHS photos and an ES/QS exclusion clause with lot-level return.
    • 拆机件 sold as new. Decommissioned DDR4 RDIMMs, RAID cards and drives are a huge, largely legitimate market — the fraud is the relabelling. Refurbishers are documented as resurfacing bad sectors, zeroing power-on hours and swapping model labels. Require original sealed packaging, single-lot date codes, and per-unit health logs.
    • SMART is not proof of a new drive. Commercial tools reset SMART attributes to factory defaults in one click. On Seagate drives the FARM log is a second, harder-to-scrub record: FARM hours exceeding SMART hours indicates tampering. On SSDs, firmware can misreport capacity and health outright, so a clean SMART page means very little.
    • Altered labels defeat verification portals. Scammers copy serials from newer drives onto old units and reprint QR codes so that vendor verification appears to pass. Verify serials yourself at the OEM portal (verify.seagate.com, cway.cisco.com/sncheck, Intel's FPO/ATPO lookup), and cross-check that the serial's warranty start date is consistent with a genuinely new unit.
    • Remarked memory. A DDR5-4800 module relabelled as 6400, or SK hynix dies under a Samsung label, is caught only by comparing three layers: printed module label, SPD dump, and the die markings on the chips themselves. Any disagreement across those three is disqualifying.
    • Vendor-locked parts that boot nowhere. AMD PSB-locked EPYCs, crossflashed RAID cards and OEM-keyed drives are common in pulled stock and are functionally worthless outside their original platform. Ask about lock status explicitly; a seller who does not understand the question is a reseller, not a builder.
  • 2U dual-socket rack server (x86)2U双路机架式服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Most 2U chassis are dual-purpose: GPU-capable but shipped empty. Ask whether risers/GPU cages are included, as that changes end-use screening.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • 2U four-socket rack server2U 四路机架式服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8471.49contestedper unitCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Depth almost always exceeds 1000 mm rack usable space once CMA fitted.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 2U rack server, GPU-ready2U机架式服务器（支持GPU）
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per pcCN supply: dominant
    classify first

    Export status depends on what is installed. The bare chassis is broadly exportable; populated with US-origin accelerators it is caught by 3A090/4A090 and is not re-exportable from China. Classify the actual configuration, and treat a buyer who intends to fit controlled parts as a KYC red flag (Supp. 3 to Part 732).

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • 2U short-depth edge server2U 短机身边缘服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 3D NAND flash wafer / die3D NAND晶圆/裸片
    IT hardwareHS 8542.32per wafer / pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • 40x40x28 axial server fan, 12V dual ball4028 服务器风扇 12V 双滚珠
    IT hardwareHS 8414.59per pcCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 40x40x56 counter-rotating dual-rotor fan, 12V/48V4056 双转子对旋风扇
    IT hardwareHS 8414.59per pcCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 4U 36-bay JBOD storage enclosure4U 36盘位 JBOD 存储扩展柜
    IT hardwareHS 8471.70per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Assuming 'not US-origin' means 'not subject to the EAR'. The Advanced Computing FDPR at 734.9(h) captures foreign-produced 3A090/4A090/.z items made with listed US technology or software, or on a plant derived from it. That covers essentially all leading-edge logic on earth. De minimis analysis never even begins for an FDPR-captured item.
    • Assuming a Chinese trading company can lawfully resell a controlled accelerator abroad. It cannot: 742.6(b)(10)(iii) is presumption of denial for all reexports and for D:5/Macau-headquartered entities, and License Exception ACA at 740.8 expressly excludes entities headquartered in — or ultimately parented in — D:5 or Macau. There is no structure that fixes this.
    • Reading the January 2026 case-by-case rule as 'H200 is now sellable to China'. It permits a LICENSED US EXPORTER to apply, with four certifications including a 50%-of-US-volume cap and mandatory independent US-lab pre-export verification. It changed nothing about reexport from China, and left presumption of denial fully intact for D:5/Macau-headquartered buyers.
    • Believing the AI Diffusion Rule was rescinded and its machinery is gone. It was never rescinded in the Federal Register: 740.27 (AIA), 740.28 (ACM), 740.29 (LPP), Supplement 5 to Part 740 and the 790,000,000 TPP country allocations are all still codified at 2026-09-01. BIS announced non-enforcement of its NEW requirements in May 2025, but the 2026-05-31 guidance confirms the pre-existing November-2023 headquarters-based licence requirement IS enforced, and the 2026-06-17 FAQ extends it to .z items.
    • Treating the Affiliates Rule as dead. It is STAYED, not repealed — 2025-19846 stays the 2025-09-30 IFR until 2026-11-09, roughly two months from now. Build the 50%-ownership aggregation logic now behind a flag. Note also that FDPR footnote 5 already carries its own surviving 50%-ownership provision, and OFAC's own 50% Rule never went away.
    • Screening the brand instead of the legal entity. Entity List designations are entity-specific: 'Inspur (Beijing) Electronic Information Industry' is listed while other Inspur group companies are not, and several distinct Fudan Microelectronics entities were listed separately in September 2025. Screen the unified social credit code on the contract, plus every alias.
    • Ignoring alias sprawl. The September 2025 additions show entities with up to sixteen aliases, and the four NetForward / Nanfei entities were listed across four cities. A single-string name match will miss most of them.
  • 4U 36-bay storage server4U 36盘位存储服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 4U 60/90-bay top-load storage server or JBOD4U 60盘位/90盘位 顶装式存储服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8471.70 / 8473.30contestedper enclosureCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 4U eight-node HPC/hyperscale chassis4U八节点高密度服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per chassisCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 4U four/eight-socket scale-up server4U 四路/八路纵向扩展服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8471.49contestedper unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 4U GPU chassis (bare, 8-10 card)4U GPU 机箱 (裸机箱)
    IT hardwareHS 8473.30per chassisCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • 4U rack server chassis (accelerator-capable, unpopulated)4U机架式服务器（未装加速卡）
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Do not let a supplier bundle 'compatible' accelerators into the same order line.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • 60x60x56 counter-rotating fan, 48V6056 对旋风扇 48V
    IT hardwareHS 8414.59per pcCN supply: strong
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 80x80x38 high static pressure fan8038 高静压风扇
    IT hardwareHS 8414.59per pcCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 8-way OAM AI server (UBB-based)八卡OAM人工智能服务器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50 / 8473.30contestedper system (state with or without accelerators)CN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • Air duct / GPU shroud服务器导风罩
    IT hardwareHS 3926.90 / 8473.30contestedper pieceCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • AI server chassis, 8-accelerator, air-cooledAI服务器（8卡，风冷）
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per pcCN supply: dominant
    classify first

    Export status depends on what is installed. The bare chassis is broadly exportable; populated with US-origin accelerators it is caught by 3A090/4A090 and is not re-exportable from China. Classify the actual configuration, and treat a buyer who intends to fit controlled parts as a KYC red flag (Supp. 3 to Part 732).

    14 questions ready11 of them decide comparabilitysee the question set →
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • AI server chassis, liquid-cooled, cold-plate液冷AI服务器（冷板式）
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per pcCN supply: dominant
    classify first

    Export status depends on what is installed. The bare chassis is broadly exportable; populated with US-origin accelerators it is caught by 3A090/4A090 and is not re-exportable from China. Classify the actual configuration, and treat a buyer who intends to fit controlled parts as a KYC red flag (Supp. 3 to Part 732).

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Alibaba T-Head Yitian 710 processor阿里平头哥倚天710处理器
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per n/a (captive)CN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • All-flash NVMe storage array (2U24)2U24 全闪存NVMe存储阵列
    IT hardwareHS 8471.70per unitCN supply: strong
    classify first

    EAR99 hardware, but embedded encryption may make it 5A002/5A992 — classify the crypto, and check License Exception ENC (740.17) applicability.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Assuming 'not US-origin' means 'not subject to the EAR'. The Advanced Computing FDPR at 734.9(h) captures foreign-produced 3A090/4A090/.z items made with listed US technology or software, or on a plant derived from it. That covers essentially all leading-edge logic on earth. De minimis analysis never even begins for an FDPR-captured item.
    • Assuming a Chinese trading company can lawfully resell a controlled accelerator abroad. It cannot: 742.6(b)(10)(iii) is presumption of denial for all reexports and for D:5/Macau-headquartered entities, and License Exception ACA at 740.8 expressly excludes entities headquartered in — or ultimately parented in — D:5 or Macau. There is no structure that fixes this.
    • Reading the January 2026 case-by-case rule as 'H200 is now sellable to China'. It permits a LICENSED US EXPORTER to apply, with four certifications including a 50%-of-US-volume cap and mandatory independent US-lab pre-export verification. It changed nothing about reexport from China, and left presumption of denial fully intact for D:5/Macau-headquartered buyers.
    • Believing the AI Diffusion Rule was rescinded and its machinery is gone. It was never rescinded in the Federal Register: 740.27 (AIA), 740.28 (ACM), 740.29 (LPP), Supplement 5 to Part 740 and the 790,000,000 TPP country allocations are all still codified at 2026-09-01. BIS announced non-enforcement of its NEW requirements in May 2025, but the 2026-05-31 guidance confirms the pre-existing November-2023 headquarters-based licence requirement IS enforced, and the 2026-06-17 FAQ extends it to .z items.
    • Treating the Affiliates Rule as dead. It is STAYED, not repealed — 2025-19846 stays the 2025-09-30 IFR until 2026-11-09, roughly two months from now. Build the 50%-ownership aggregation logic now behind a flag. Note also that FDPR footnote 5 already carries its own surviving 50%-ownership provision, and OFAC's own 50% Rule never went away.
    • Screening the brand instead of the legal entity. Entity List designations are entity-specific: 'Inspur (Beijing) Electronic Information Industry' is listed while other Inspur group companies are not, and several distinct Fudan Microelectronics entities were listed separately in September 2025. Screen the unified social credit code on the contract, plus every alias.
    • Ignoring alias sprawl. The September 2025 additions show entities with up to sixteen aliases, and the four NetForward / Nanfei entities were listed across four cities. A single-string name match will miss most of them.
  • AMD EPYC 4005/4004 processor (AM5)AMD EPYC 4005/4004系列处理器（AM5）
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • AMD EPYC 7003 'Milan' / 7002 'Rome' processor (SP3)AMD EPYC 7003/7002系列处理器（SP3）
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • AMD EPYC 9005 'Turin Dense' processor (Zen 5c)AMD EPYC 9005密集核心处理器（Zen 5c）
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • AMD EPYC 9005 'Turin' processor (Zen 5, classic core)AMD EPYC 9005系列处理器（Turin）
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • AMD EPYC Embedded 9004 / 8004 seriesAMD EPYC Embedded 9004/8004 嵌入式处理器
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • Ampere Altra / Altra Max processorAmpere Altra/Altra Max 处理器
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • AmpereOne / AmpereOne M processorAmpereOne 处理器
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • Anti-static DIMM shipping tray / tube防静电内存条托盘/管
    IT hardwareHS 3923.10per trayCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • ARM server, Ampere-class (Ampere Altra / AmpereOne)ARM架构服务器（Ampere平台）
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • Barebone server / bare chassis (no CPU, memory or drives)服务器准系统 / 裸机箱
    IT hardwareHS 8473.30 / 8471.50contestedper unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    10 questions ready8 of them decide comparabilitysee the question set →
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • BGA / embedded SSD for server management modulesBGA 嵌入式固态硬盘
    IT hardwareHS 8542.32per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • REFURBISHED DRIVES WITH RESET SMART. The 2025 Seagate scandal saw drives with tens of thousands of hours sold as new after SMART counters were zeroed. RFQ defence: demand `smartctl -l farm` output (smartmontools 7.4+) on 3 random units — Seagate FARM (Field Accessible Reliability Metrics) records Power-on Hours and Head Flight Hours independently and is not resettable by the tools fraudsters use. A FARM/SMART mismatch is proof, not suspicion.
    • THE POWER-CYCLE TELL. Even without FARM, a reset drive gives itself away: 2 power-on hours against 2,400 power cycles is impossible for a genuinely new drive. Always ask for power-on hours AND power cycle count AND Percentage Used together — resetters usually zero one field and forget the others.
    • COUNTERFEIT CAPACITY. SSD firmware is modified to report far more capacity than the physical NAND holds; the drive writes normally until it wraps and silently corrupts. RFQ defence: require a full-span write-then-verify test (h2testw or `badblocks -w`) on a sample, plus the flash-ID readout showing die count and per-die capacity.
    • DRAM-LESS CONTROLLERS SOLD AS ENTERPRISE. Especially in M.2 2280 and cheap U.2. RFQ defence: ask for onboard DRAM size in GB (expect roughly 1GB per 1TB NAND), reject HMB, and demand high-resolution photos of both PCB faces — a DRAM package is visible or it is not there.
    • FIRMWARE-ONLY 'PLP'. Sellers claim power loss protection with no capacitors. RFQ defence: ask for capacitor type and count and have them pointed out in the board photo; ask for JESD218 power-cycling test results. Real hardware PLP is physically countable.
    • M.2 2280 'WITH PLP'. 80mm boards rarely have room for a real capacitor bank; 22110 exists precisely because 110mm does. A 2280 PLP claim needs a board photo before it is believed.
    • THE NEARLINE HDD 'MANUFACTURER'. No PRC company manufactures hard disk drives. Only Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba do. Any Chinese seller describing itself as the factory for 20-32TB nearline drives is a trader, relabeller or refurbisher. RFQ defence: ask for the OEM part number and an authorisation letter or upstream purchase invoice, and state in the question that you know no PRC manufacturer exists.
  • Blade compute node (half-width, dual-socket)刀片计算节点
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per nodeCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • Blade server chassis and blades刀片服务器机箱及刀片
    IT hardwareHS 8471.50per unit / chassisCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • Blade server chassis (enclosure)刀片服务器机箱/框
    IT hardwareHS 8473.30contestedper chassisCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • Blanking panel / bay filler / EMI blank盲板 / 挡风板 / 空位填充板
    IT hardwareHS 8473.30per pcCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • Blanking panels and airflow baffles盲板/挡风板
    IT hardwareHS 7326.90per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • 'OEM' means the opposite of what you think. A Chinese seller saying OEM almost always means 代工/贴牌 — they will build or relabel to your spec, with no brand IP behind it. A Western buyer hears 'made by Dell/HPE'. Never accept the word; ask which factory designed the board and which built it, and get FCC ID / CMIIT ID and PCB silkscreen photos.
    • Engineering samples sold as production silicon. ES/QS CPUs are typically 30-50% below retail, carry no vendor warranty, and can be unstable in specific workloads. Intel states the S-spec is printed only on the IHS, that 'Intel Confidential' or a missing brand string identifies an ES, and that it may retain or destroy re-marked product. QS is nearer retail but is still a sample. Demand IHS photos and an ES/QS exclusion clause with lot-level return.
    • 拆机件 sold as new. Decommissioned DDR4 RDIMMs, RAID cards and drives are a huge, largely legitimate market — the fraud is the relabelling. Refurbishers are documented as resurfacing bad sectors, zeroing power-on hours and swapping model labels. Require original sealed packaging, single-lot date codes, and per-unit health logs.
    • SMART is not proof of a new drive. Commercial tools reset SMART attributes to factory defaults in one click. On Seagate drives the FARM log is a second, harder-to-scrub record: FARM hours exceeding SMART hours indicates tampering. On SSDs, firmware can misreport capacity and health outright, so a clean SMART page means very little.
    • Altered labels defeat verification portals. Scammers copy serials from newer drives onto old units and reprint QR codes so that vendor verification appears to pass. Verify serials yourself at the OEM portal (verify.seagate.com, cway.cisco.com/sncheck, Intel's FPO/ATPO lookup), and cross-check that the serial's warranty start date is consistent with a genuinely new unit.
    • Remarked memory. A DDR5-4800 module relabelled as 6400, or SK hynix dies under a Samsung label, is caught only by comparing three layers: printed module label, SPD dump, and the die markings on the chips themselves. Any disagreement across those three is disqualifying.
    • Vendor-locked parts that boot nowhere. AMD PSB-locked EPYCs, crossflashed RAID cards and OEM-keyed drives are common in pulled stock and are functionally worthless outside their original platform. Ask about lock status explicitly; a seller who does not understand the question is a reseller, not a builder.
  • BMC module / out-of-band management controllerBMC带外管理控制器模组
    IT hardwareHS 8542.31 / 8473.30contestedper pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • Boot M.2 NVMe SSD, enterprise (with PLP)企业级M.2启动固态硬盘
    IT hardwareHS 8471.70per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • 'OEM' means the opposite of what you think. A Chinese seller saying OEM almost always means 代工/贴牌 — they will build or relabel to your spec, with no brand IP behind it. A Western buyer hears 'made by Dell/HPE'. Never accept the word; ask which factory designed the board and which built it, and get FCC ID / CMIIT ID and PCB silkscreen photos.
    • Engineering samples sold as production silicon. ES/QS CPUs are typically 30-50% below retail, carry no vendor warranty, and can be unstable in specific workloads. Intel states the S-spec is printed only on the IHS, that 'Intel Confidential' or a missing brand string identifies an ES, and that it may retain or destroy re-marked product. QS is nearer retail but is still a sample. Demand IHS photos and an ES/QS exclusion clause with lot-level return.
    • 拆机件 sold as new. Decommissioned DDR4 RDIMMs, RAID cards and drives are a huge, largely legitimate market — the fraud is the relabelling. Refurbishers are documented as resurfacing bad sectors, zeroing power-on hours and swapping model labels. Require original sealed packaging, single-lot date codes, and per-unit health logs.
    • SMART is not proof of a new drive. Commercial tools reset SMART attributes to factory defaults in one click. On Seagate drives the FARM log is a second, harder-to-scrub record: FARM hours exceeding SMART hours indicates tampering. On SSDs, firmware can misreport capacity and health outright, so a clean SMART page means very little.
    • Altered labels defeat verification portals. Scammers copy serials from newer drives onto old units and reprint QR codes so that vendor verification appears to pass. Verify serials yourself at the OEM portal (verify.seagate.com, cway.cisco.com/sncheck, Intel's FPO/ATPO lookup), and cross-check that the serial's warranty start date is consistent with a genuinely new unit.
    • Remarked memory. A DDR5-4800 module relabelled as 6400, or SK hynix dies under a Samsung label, is caught only by comparing three layers: printed module label, SPD dump, and the die markings on the chips themselves. Any disagreement across those three is disqualifying.
    • Vendor-locked parts that boot nowhere. AMD PSB-locked EPYCs, crossflashed RAID cards and OEM-keyed drives are common in pulled stock and are functionally worthless outside their original platform. Ask about lock status explicitly; a seller who does not understand the question is a reseller, not a builder.
  • Cat5 rackmount KVM switch 8/16/32 portCat5机架式KVM切换器
    IT hardwareHS 8471.80per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
  • Cellular (4G/5G) out-of-band access appliance4G/5G带外接入设备
    IT hardwareHS 8517.62per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • NEARLINE HDD: there is no such thing as a Chinese nearline HDD manufacturer. The world has exactly three producers — Seagate, Western Digital and Toshiba. Seagate's Wuxi plant is the only foreign HDD assembly site in China and it is Seagate's own. Any PRC counterparty presenting itself as an HDD 'factory' is a distributor, a broker or a relabeller. Buy through the three producers' authorised channel and reconcile every serial number against the producer's own warranty database.
    • REFURBISHED AND RECERTIFIED DRIVES SOLD AS NEW. The dominant HDD fraud in the Shenzhen channel is OEM-pull or recertified drives with SMART power-on-hours reset and relabelled cases. Require SMART attribute dumps (power-on hours, power cycles, reallocated sectors) at incoming inspection on a sampled basis, plus original sealed anti-static packaging and matching carton lot codes.
    • LTO TAPE IS THE SECOND NO-PRC-MANUFACTURER POSITION. Tape drive mechanisms come from IBM; media from Fujifilm and Sony. A Chinese 'tape library manufacturer' is an integrator. Apply the same reasoning as HDD.
    • 'ARM SERVER' AMBIGUITY. A Chinese quote for an ARM server very often means Kunpeng (Huawei HiSilicon) or Phytium — both Entity Listed — not Ampere. Force the exact CPU part number into the RFQ and reject quotes that describe the CPU only as 'domestic ARM' or 'ARM 64-core'.
    • 'BARE SWITCH CHASSIS' MEANS TWO DIFFERENT THINGS. Sometimes it means a complete, ASIC-populated whitebox switch shipped with ONIE and no network OS — still a switch for HS and for encryption purposes. Sometimes it means an empty sheet-metal enclosure with PSU and fan bays and no switching board — a part. The price gap is roughly an order of magnitude and the customs treatment differs. Never accept the phrase without a BOM.
    • REBADGING ACROSS THE ENTITY LIST BOUNDARY. Machines built by listed vendors circulate under unlisted third-party brands, and unlisted brands sometimes subcontract to listed manufacturers. Require the manufacturer's legal entity name and factory address on the commercial invoice and the certificate of origin, not just a brand.
    • NAND PROVENANCE INSIDE ENTERPRISE SSD. A PRC-built enterprise SSD may be assembled by an unlisted company using YMTC NAND, and YMTC has been Entity Listed since December 2022. Ask for the NAND die vendor and the controller vendor by name for every SSD SKU.
  • Chassis air duct / air shroud导风罩 / 风道罩
    IT hardwareHS 3926.90 / 8473.30contestedper pcCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Control status not established, and this item class can be swept into control by the .z paragraphs because of the IC inside it. Classify before routing.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • Chassis asset labelling, laser marking and OEM branding service机箱资产标签、激光打标与贴牌服务
    IT hardwareper per unitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • CPU heatsink, socket-specific (1U/2U passive, vapour chamber option)服务器CPU散热器 (1U/2U被动式、均热板)
    IT hardwareHS 8473.30per pieceCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Depth is quoted without the bezel, ears, CMA or rear cable bend radius. A '798 mm' 2U server needs roughly 950-1000 mm of usable rack depth once mounted and cabled - which is why full-depth AI nodes do not belong in 1000 mm racks. Always ask for front-post-to-rear clearance, not chassis depth.
    • Rail kits and CMAs excluded from the system price without saying so. Two 'identical' server quotes can differ by the cost of rails, and the cheaper one arrives unmountable.
    • Rail load rating quoted as the static figure only. The number that matters is the rating at full extension. An 8U 130 kg GPU node exceeds ordinary ~38-45 kg kits by roughly 3x, and the failure happens the first time someone slides it out.
    • Physical x16 PCIe slots wired electrically x8, or slots that only exist when an optional riser is purchased. Demand a per-slot map: generation, electrical width, physical width, height and riser dependency.
    • PCIe Gen5 risers and cable kits sold without retimers or without an insertion-loss budget. The link trains at Gen4 or fails intermittently under load. Retimers and redrivers are not interchangeable - only protocol-aware retiming rescues a long channel.
    • Backplane described as '24-bay NVMe' when it is actually expander-attached and shares a fraction of the bandwidth. Direct-attach vs expander is the single largest hidden performance and price variable in storage servers.
    • CRPS / CRPS2 / M-CRPS power supplies that fit the same bay but use different pinouts. The PSU seats perfectly and the system will not power on.
  • Crash-cart kit (USB-serial, monitor, KM)运维推车套件
    IT hardwareHS 8471.80per kitCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
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China Export中国出口