Equipment catalogue

What Qing knows how to buy — and what it will refuse to

categories
1478
freely routable
1283
no export gate on the item itself
classify before outreach
141
control depends on measured parameters
never routed
42
advanced-computing ECCNs

42 categories are refused at the catalogue, not escalated

A PRC-incorporated entity cannot lawfully be the seller of an advanced-computing item (ECCN 3A090 / 4A090) to any destination worldwide, non-US manufacture does not escape the Foreign Direct Product Rule, and every credible PRC accelerator vendor is Entity Listed. Qing refuses at the catalogue rather than opening a conversation and escalating, because the conversation itself creates a record. See the compliance perimeter →

12 near-duplicate pairs need curating — they are why a matched requirement sometimes comes back ambiguous

The importer collapses pure reorderings and empty qualifiers automatically. It will not decide whether “(x86)” distinguishes a product — that depends on whether an ARM variant exists, and guessing wrong destroys a real distinction. These are left for a human.

  • 1.001U dual-socket rack server (x86)↔2U dual-socket rack server (x86)
  • 1.001U tool-less ball-bearing slide rail kit↔2U tool-less ball-bearing slide rail kit
  • 1.00Active optical cable (AOC), 400G/800G↔Active optical cable (AOC), 400G/800G, 3-30 m
  • 1.00Cable management arm (CMA) 1U/2U↔Cable management arm (CMA)
  • 1.00Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/E1.S/E3.S, 3.84-30.72 TB↔Enterprise NVMe SSD, E3.S
  • 1.00Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/U.3↔Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/E1.S/E3.S, 3.84-30.72 TB
  • 1.00Enterprise NVMe SSD, U.2/U.3↔Enterprise NVMe SSD, E3.S
  • 1.00General-purpose 2U dual-socket rack server↔1U dual-socket rack server
  • 1.00High-capacity QLC NVMe SSD↔E1.L NVMe QLC high-capacity SSD
  • 1.00Type 2 surge protective device↔Surge protective device, Type 1+2 and Type 2
  • 0.88Rear-door heat exchanger, active (fan-assisted)↔Rear-door heat exchanger, active (fan-assisted), 60-100 kW
  • 0.88Single-phase immersion dielectric fluid, synthetic ester base↔Single-phase immersion dielectric fluid (synthetic hydrocarbon / ester)
All 1478Cooling 296Power 270IT hardware 240Facility systems 212White space 198Optics & cabling 111Compute 72Consumables 49Prefabricated 30

Power

Each carries the questions that make two quotes comparable, and the traps specific to it

showing 60
  • 0U inlet-metered PDU0U计量型PDU
    PowerHS 8537.10per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
  • 0U outlet-metered PDU0U每位计量PDU
    PowerHS 8537.10per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
  • 0U switched + outlet-metered PDU0U每位开关+计量PDU
    PowerHS 8537.10per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
  • 0U vertical basic PDU, C13/C190U基本型机架PDU
    PowerHS 8537.10per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
  • 110 kV / 220 kV utility intake GIS switchgear110kV/220kV 气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备 (GIS)
    PowerHS 8537.20per bayCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • 12V-2x6 / GPU power cable harness服务器GPU供电线束
    PowerHS 8544.42per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 1U horizontal rack PDU1U横装PDU
    PowerHS 8537.10per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Integration scope left as one word. 'Integrated rack' can mean an upright, cabled, tested rack or a cabinet on a pallet with the servers in cartons beside it. Force a line-by-line yes/no on racking, cabling, labelling, config, firmware alignment and rack-level test, and pin the L-level (L6/L10/L11/L12).
    • Missing rails. Rails are chassis-specific and rack-specific. A quote that lists servers but no rail part number will arrive with no way to mount them. Ask for the rail PN, the post type, the mounting depth range and the load rating, and demand the chassis side-hole drawing.
    • CMA and rail quoted as one item, delivered as one item. Cable management arms are almost never included by default. Same for the adapter bracket needed on round-hole or threaded racks.
    • Rails not rated for loaded shipment. A rail rated 38kg static is not necessarily rated to ship with a server in it. If the rack ships upright, the rail rating and the shipping rating are two different questions.
    • 'Metered PDU' covering four different products. Inlet metering, per-bank metering and per-outlet metering are sold under the same phrase. Without the accuracy class (IEC 62053-21 Class 1 = ±1%) the numbers cannot be used for chargeback.
    • PDU physically will not fit. 0U PDU body length versus the rack's clear internal height, and PDU depth versus cable bend radius behind the servers. Ask for body length in mm, not just '0U'.
    • Wrong input plug for the destination. Chinese factories default to CN or generic plugs. The input plug standard, cord length and the destination's certification (UL vs CE vs CCC) must be stated per shipment.
  • 240 V / 336 V HVDC power system240V/336V 高压直流电源系统
    PowerHS 8504.40per systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Cooling sized at 25 °C, not at your real ambient. Chinese vendors habitually publish nominal cooling capacity at benign conditions. A DX in-row unit rated 40 kW at 35 °C outdoor may deliver 26–30 kW at 48 °C in the Gulf, and its condenser may trip on high pressure entirely. Demand the capacity table at YOUR site design ambient (dry bulb and wet bulb, 0.4% ASHRAE annual percentile), and make the derated figure the contractual number.
    • 'IP55' that is IP55 only on the shell. Aipu-Waton's own literature confirms IP65 is a customisation, not a default. Louvres, cable entries, condenser openings and door seals are where ingress actually happens. In sandstorm or coastal environments specify the filtration class (G4/F7), the coating system (C5-M per ISO 12944 for marine), and require an ingress test report on the assembled unit, not a component certificate.
    • No UL 2755 certification for a North American destination. UL 2755:2025 is the Outline of Investigation that US and Canadian AHJs now reference for prefabricated modular data centre systems. Almost no Chinese factory holds it as standard, and obtaining it retrospectively means factory inspection plus rework. Ask for the certificate number and the certifying body (UL Solutions, Intertek or CSA) before, not after, the PO.
    • Component CE certificates presented as an assembly CE mark. There is no unitary CE mark for a modular data centre. What is required is a technical file combining LVD, EMC, Machinery Directive (for moving parts), pressure equipment (for the cooling circuit), and construction product evidence for the enclosure, plus a Declaration of Conformity naming the assembly. A folder of supplier CE certificates for the UPS and the AC unit is not that.
    • Standards mismatch that voids your local design code. GB 50174-2017 explicitly excludes outdoor container-based facilities from its scope. If a supplier cites GB 50174 compliance for a container product, they are citing the wrong standard — the applicable Chinese document is GB/T 36448-2018, with GB/T 1413 and GB/T 5338 for the box itself. Neither maps cleanly onto EN 50600 or the Uptime Institute Tier system, and a container is very hard to certify as Tier III concurrently maintainable.
    • Rated payload exceeded, silently. A 40HQ has a rated payload around 26–28 t. A fully fitted 40ft data centre with racks, UPS, batteries, transformer and a filled liquid loop routinely exceeds it. The unit then cannot be stowed as ordinary FCL, cannot be lifted by standard terminal equipment, and cannot legally travel on many roads. Get the weight certificate — dry, and wet-and-populated — in writing before booking freight.
    • Out-of-gauge cargo discovered after signing. Anything wider than 2438 mm or taller than 2896 mm is out-of-gauge: flat-rack or breakbulk stowage, special handling, route survey, escorts and permits. Huawei's FusionDC1000B core module at 3600 mm high is already in this category. On difficult inland routes the freight and permit cost can approach the module price. Establish the transport envelope before the technical spec is frozen.
  • 240 VDC HVDC power system (rectifier plant)240V 高压直流电源系统 (HVDC)
    PowerHS 8504.40per systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Mature in Chinese internet-operator halls; requires servers with DC-capable PSUs, which is the practical blocker outside China. Hangzhou Zhongheng (002364) is a specialist.
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
  • 336 VDC HVDC power system336V 高压直流电源系统
    PowerHS 8504.40per systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • 48V/12V in-chassis laminated busbar and copper bar机箱内叠层母排 / 铜排
    PowerHS 8544.60 / 7407contestedper pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 48VDC-input server PSU / DC brick48V直流输入服务器电源
    PowerHS 8504.40per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 800 VDC busbar / DC busway to compute rack800V 直流母线 / 直流母线槽 (机柜级供电)
    PowerHS 8537.10per metre plus connectorsCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • 800VDC rack power module / sidecar rectifier800V高压直流电源模块
    PowerHS 8504.40per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 800 VDC rack power shelf / power sidecar800V直流供电电源架 / 电源边车
    PowerHS 8504.40per shelf / sidecarCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    4 questions ready4 of them decide comparabilitysee the question set →
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Cooling sized at 25 °C, not at your real ambient. Chinese vendors habitually publish nominal cooling capacity at benign conditions. A DX in-row unit rated 40 kW at 35 °C outdoor may deliver 26–30 kW at 48 °C in the Gulf, and its condenser may trip on high pressure entirely. Demand the capacity table at YOUR site design ambient (dry bulb and wet bulb, 0.4% ASHRAE annual percentile), and make the derated figure the contractual number.
    • 'IP55' that is IP55 only on the shell. Aipu-Waton's own literature confirms IP65 is a customisation, not a default. Louvres, cable entries, condenser openings and door seals are where ingress actually happens. In sandstorm or coastal environments specify the filtration class (G4/F7), the coating system (C5-M per ISO 12944 for marine), and require an ingress test report on the assembled unit, not a component certificate.
    • No UL 2755 certification for a North American destination. UL 2755:2025 is the Outline of Investigation that US and Canadian AHJs now reference for prefabricated modular data centre systems. Almost no Chinese factory holds it as standard, and obtaining it retrospectively means factory inspection plus rework. Ask for the certificate number and the certifying body (UL Solutions, Intertek or CSA) before, not after, the PO.
    • Component CE certificates presented as an assembly CE mark. There is no unitary CE mark for a modular data centre. What is required is a technical file combining LVD, EMC, Machinery Directive (for moving parts), pressure equipment (for the cooling circuit), and construction product evidence for the enclosure, plus a Declaration of Conformity naming the assembly. A folder of supplier CE certificates for the UPS and the AC unit is not that.
    • Standards mismatch that voids your local design code. GB 50174-2017 explicitly excludes outdoor container-based facilities from its scope. If a supplier cites GB 50174 compliance for a container product, they are citing the wrong standard — the applicable Chinese document is GB/T 36448-2018, with GB/T 1413 and GB/T 5338 for the box itself. Neither maps cleanly onto EN 50600 or the Uptime Institute Tier system, and a container is very hard to certify as Tier III concurrently maintainable.
    • Rated payload exceeded, silently. A 40HQ has a rated payload around 26–28 t. A fully fitted 40ft data centre with racks, UPS, batteries, transformer and a filled liquid loop routinely exceeds it. The unit then cannot be stowed as ordinary FCL, cannot be lifted by standard terminal equipment, and cannot legally travel on many roads. Get the weight certificate — dry, and wet-and-populated — in writing before booking freight.
    • Out-of-gauge cargo discovered after signing. Anything wider than 2438 mm or taller than 2896 mm is out-of-gauge: flat-rack or breakbulk stowage, special handling, route survey, escorts and permits. Huawei's FusionDC1000B core module at 3600 mm high is already in this category. On difficult inland routes the freight and permit cost can approach the module price. Establish the transport envelope before the technical spec is frozen.
  • 800 VDC rack power system / power shelf (AI rack scale)800V直流供电系统 / AI机柜电源架
    PowerHS 8504.40per shelfCN supply: strong
    classify first

    Emerging 2025-2026 architecture for 100 kW+ racks. Megmeet 002851 and Honor Electronic 300870 are the credible Chinese sources. Highly OEM-specific — expect NDA gating.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • 800 VDC sidecar power rack (AC-DC) for AI compute racks800V 直流 电源边柜 / 供电侧柜 (AI 机柜配套)
    PowerHS 8504.40per rackCN supply: moderate
    classify first

    Megmeet (002851) publicly lists an 800 V / 570 kW side rack alongside CRPS PSUs and BBU shelves; Zhongheng lists 800 V DC data centre power. DC protection is the immature area — ask specifically how a DC bus fault is cleared and in what time, because there is no equivalent of a well-understood AC breaker curve here.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • 800VDC side rack / sidecar power cabinet (hundreds of kW class)800V 高压直流侧柜 / Side Rack
    PowerHS 8504.40per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • 800V-to-50V DC-DC converter module (tray level)800V转低压 DC-DC 模块
    PowerHS 8504.40per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • Acoustic louvre and attenuator package for plant and genset enclosures消声百叶 / 消声器 / 隔声降噪
    PowerHS 8479.89contestedper lotCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Active harmonic filter (APF) module有源电力滤波器 APF 模块
    PowerHS 8504.40per module / cabinetCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Air circuit breaker (ACB), 1600-6300 A框架断路器 ACB
    PowerHS 8536.20per pcCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Air circuit breaker (ACB), 2000-6300 A低压框架断路器 (万能式断路器) 2000-6300A
    PowerHS 8536.20per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Air terminals, down conductors and lightning protection system components接闪器（避雷针/带/网）、引下线
    PowerHS 8535.40 / 7326.90contestedper setCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    1 question readysee the question set →
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The aspirating detector is quoted without the pipe-network hydraulic calculation. The unit is a commodity; the calculation is the product. Without a calculation showing transport time and per-hole sensitivity for YOUR hall geometry, you have bought a box that will alarm late or never. Make the calculation a pre-shipment deliverable, and re-run it if the pipe route changes on site.
    • ASD sampling pipe bought separately at a different internal diameter than the calculation assumed. This silently invalidates the transport-time result. Buy pipe and detector as one scope, or state the design ID in the pipe RFQ.
    • Point smoke detectors specified as primary detection in a high-airflow hall. At 40-60+ air changes per hour smoke is diluted below the detector threshold. Point detectors are the cross-zone confirmation layer for gas release. If the Chinese design shows only point detection in the main hall, the design is wrong for the airflow, regardless of how many detectors are drawn.
    • Ceiling-only ASD sampling. In a hot-aisle-contained hall with high air change rates the smoke goes to the return air path. Three-level sampling (ceiling, return air duct, under-floor or in-cabinet) is the arrangement that actually detects. In-duct sampling is the level most often value-engineered out.
    • Gas suppression quoted without an over-pressure relief vent area calculation, and without a room integrity (door fan) test. Undersized vents damage the room structure on discharge; a leaky room loses the agent long before the 10-minute hold time. Both are cheap and both are routinely absent from Chinese scope.
    • IG-541 quoted at attractive unit price without the buyer noticing it needs 8-12x the cylinder-room floor area of an HFC-227ea system, plus 15-30 MPa pipework and supports. The cylinder room area is a building design decision that must be made before the RFQ, not discovered after award.
    • Pre-action valve quoted as single interlock when the requirement is double interlock. The word 'pre-action' alone does not specify it. Single interlock admits water on a detection event alone. Write 'double interlock (detection AND sprinkler operation)' in the specification.
  • AMD EPYC 8004 'Siena' processor (SP6)AMD EPYC 8004系列处理器（SP6）
    PowerHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • AMD EPYC 9004 'Genoa' / 'Bergamo' processorAMD EPYC 9004系列处理器
    PowerHS 8542.31per pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • ES/QS samples sold as retail 散片. Intel states engineering samples remain Intel property, are supplied under NDA or special loan terms, and are not for sale or resale. Identification: no brand string or base-frequency marking on the IHS, an 'Intel Confidential' label, or a four/five-digit Q-spec where a production part carries a five-digit S-spec. ES 不显 parts show 0000 in CPU-Z; ES 正显 and QS parts display correct strings and are the ones that actually fool buyers. QS is stepping-identical to retail and often perfectly stable — which is exactly why it is sold as retail. Neither carries warranty and neither can support an enterprise RMA obligation.
    • AMD Platform Secure Boot vendor lock. When PSB is enabled on an OEM platform, one-time fuses permanently bind the CPU to that vendor's BIOS signing key. A Dell-locked EPYC will not POST on a Supermicro or Gigabyte board, and the fusing is irreversible. A large share of cheap EPYC 7003/9004 secondary stock is locked, and the seller frequently does not know or does not say. Make it an explicit RFQ field and demand video proof of POST on a generic board.
    • Tray processors quoted with implied manufacturer warranty. Intel warrants boxed processors (typically three years, some one year); tray processors sold by resellers or system builders carry no Intel warranty at all — the only warranty is the reseller's. Chinese quotes for 散片 routinely say '原厂保三年' when the part is tray. Ask who honours the warranty by name.
    • 拆机 pulls sold as new. Decommissioned hyperscaler and enterprise fleets feed an enormous pull market in both CPUs and DIMMs. The parts are often genuine and often fine — the fraud is grade misrepresentation. Tells: contact-pad wear or discoloration on the CPU underside, cured thermal compound residue, missing carrier clips, loose ESD bagging instead of manufacturer trays, and wide manufacture-date spread across a single lot.
    • Label-vs-SPD mismatch on DDR5 modules. Counterfeiters batch-print thousands of identical labels with the same serial number but cannot rewrite the serial stored in each module's SPD hub. If the software-read serial differs from the printed one, the module is counterfeit. CRC errors, 'Generic' or 'Unknown' manufacturer fields, or SPD parameters that contradict the claimed speed bin all indicate crude SPD tampering.
    • Ground-off and remarked DRAM dies. A common construction is server-decommissioned downgraded chips or cheap clone dies with original markings ground away and a counterfeit vendor label applied. Defence: photograph the FBGA marking on the DRAM packages and run it through Micron's official FBGA decoder or SK hynix's part-number decoder, then confirm the resulting die matches the claimed module MPN and speed bin.
    • '128GB DDR5 RDIMM' hiding two different products. The same capacity is built either as 2Rx4 on 32Gb monolithic dies or as 4Rx4 TSV 3DS. They differ in price, achievable speed, channel loading and platform support. A quote that states only capacity and speed is not comparable to another quote of the same nominal spec.
  • Amorphous alloy dry-type transformer非晶合金干式变压器 SCBH15
    PowerHS 8504.34per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Arc flash light-and-current protection system for LV/MV switchgear弧光保护装置 (光纤弧光监测)
    PowerHS 8536.30per system per lineupCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Arc-resistant LV switchgear variant (internal arc classified)内部电弧防护型低压开关柜 (IAC 分类)
    PowerHS 8537.10per lineupCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Automatic transfer switch (ATS) / static transfer switch (STS)双电源自动转换开关 ATS / 静态转换开关 STS
    PowerHS 8536.50per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Automatic transfer switch, CB class, 630-3200 A自动转换开关 (CB 级) 双电源自动切换装置
    PowerHS 8537.10per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Automatic transfer switch, PC class, 400-3200 A自动转换开关电器 ATSE (PC 级) 400-3200A
    PowerHS 8537.10per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Battery backup unit (BBU) for AI rack机柜级电池备电单元 BBU
    PowerHS 8507.60per pcCN supply: dominant
    classify first

    Lithium: UN38.3 test report is mandatory for shipping. China's Jul-2025 export-control catalogue additions touch some battery cathode/anode technologies — confirm licence status for the specific cell.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Battery cabinet inerting / explosion-suppression system锂电池储能柜惰化抑爆系统
    PowerHS 8424.10per setCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The aspirating detector is quoted without the pipe-network hydraulic calculation. The unit is a commodity; the calculation is the product. Without a calculation showing transport time and per-hole sensitivity for YOUR hall geometry, you have bought a box that will alarm late or never. Make the calculation a pre-shipment deliverable, and re-run it if the pipe route changes on site.
    • ASD sampling pipe bought separately at a different internal diameter than the calculation assumed. This silently invalidates the transport-time result. Buy pipe and detector as one scope, or state the design ID in the pipe RFQ.
    • Point smoke detectors specified as primary detection in a high-airflow hall. At 40-60+ air changes per hour smoke is diluted below the detector threshold. Point detectors are the cross-zone confirmation layer for gas release. If the Chinese design shows only point detection in the main hall, the design is wrong for the airflow, regardless of how many detectors are drawn.
    • Ceiling-only ASD sampling. In a hot-aisle-contained hall with high air change rates the smoke goes to the return air path. Three-level sampling (ceiling, return air duct, under-floor or in-cabinet) is the arrangement that actually detects. In-duct sampling is the level most often value-engineered out.
    • Gas suppression quoted without an over-pressure relief vent area calculation, and without a room integrity (door fan) test. Undersized vents damage the room structure on discharge; a leaky room loses the agent long before the 10-minute hold time. Both are cheap and both are routinely absent from Chinese scope.
    • IG-541 quoted at attractive unit price without the buyer noticing it needs 8-12x the cylinder-room floor area of an HFC-227ea system, plus 15-30 MPa pipework and supports. The cylinder room area is a building design decision that must be made before the RFQ, not discovered after award.
    • Pre-action valve quoted as single interlock when the requirement is double interlock. The word 'pre-action' alone does not specify it. Single interlock admits water on a detection event alone. Write 'double interlock (detection AND sprinkler operation)' in the specification.
  • Battery energy storage system (BESS), containerised, 3-6 MWh储能集装箱系统 / 液冷储能柜 (数据中心配套)
    PowerHS 8507.60per container / unitCN supply: dominant
    PRC licence

    Requires a PRC dual-use export licence held by the supplier (两用物项出口管制条例, in force 2024-12-01).

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Battery intercell connector, terminal hardware, anti-corrosion grease and torque kit蓄电池连接条/端子五金/防腐脂
    PowerHS 8507.90per kitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Filter class fraud: media sold as ePM1 55% (F7) that tests at coarse-filter performance. Demand the ISO 16890 report number, the accredited laboratory and the report date, and spot-test media from the delivered lot — not from the sample.
    • Nominal versus actual filter dimensions: a filter quoted as 600x600 that measures 592x592 against a frame expecting 595x595 leaks unfiltered air around the element and voids the rated efficiency entirely. Always specify actual mm and tolerance.
    • Buying filters on unit price instead of Eurovent energy class: a filter 30 Pa higher in initial pressure drop can cost more in fan energy over one service life than the entire unit price difference. Compare kWh/yr at 0.944 m3/s, then price.
    • PTM7950 and high-end TIM counterfeits: this is the single most counterfeited item in the data-centre consumable catalogue. Relabelled generic phase-change film is endemic on Chinese marketplaces. Buy only via authorised distribution with lot traceability, and verify storage conditions in transit.
    • Coolant supplied as industrial glycol cut with tap water rather than certified DI water, with no inhibitor package. Conductivity on arrival is the tell — test every drum against a stated uS/cm limit and reject on the number, not on the label.
    • Automotive or HVAC inhibited coolant sold as data-centre coolant: silicates and borates drop out and foul cold-plate microchannels months later. Require a written silicate-free, borate-free, nitrite-free, amine-free declaration.
    • Fitting a mixed-bed DI polishing cartridge to an inhibited PG25 loop: the resin strips the inhibitor package out of the fluid and corrosion begins silently. Common and expensive design error, usually made by whoever specified the CDU rather than the fluid.
  • Battery management system (BMS) for lithium UPS strings锂电池管理系统 BMS (三级架构)
    PowerHS 8537.10per systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Battery monitoring system, cell-level蓄电池在线监测系统 (单体电压/内阻监测)
    PowerHS 9030.39per systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Battery monitoring system (cell modules)电池监控系统模块
    Powerper pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • VERDICT — 3M PFAS exit: CONFIRMED. Press release dated 2022-12-20 commits 3M to discontinue all fluoropolymers, fluorinated fluids and PFAS-based additive products by end-2025; that is the mechanism removing Novec and Fluorinert. The release does not name those brands, so do not quote it as if it does.
    • VERDICT — '3M is now PFAS-free': OVERSTATED. 3M's own FY2025 report says the manufacturing exit completed at end-2025, but ChemSec's analysis of that report counts ~14,000 products still containing PFAS and 139 PFAS types still in use. The exit is of manufacture, not of use.
    • VERDICT — EU universal PFAS restriction is in force: REFUTED. It is a proposal. RAC opinion adopted 2026-03-02; SEAC draft opinion published 2026-03-26 with a 60-day consultation; final SEAC opinion expected end-2026, then Commission legislative decision. Nothing is banned yet.
    • TRAP — PFPE and HFE are themselves PFAS under the ECHA proposal. Selling a Chinese PFPE or HFE as the 'compliant replacement' for Novec into an EU-bound project is a regulatory time bomb, not a solution. Both RAC and SEAC recommended cutting many proposed derogations.
    • VERDICT — 巨化股份 600160 makes electronic fluorinated fluids: CONFIRMED (HFE D-series, PFPE JHT-series). ENTITY TRAP: the 5,000 t/a 巨芯冷却液 PFPE coolant project sits in 浙江创氟高科新材料, controlled by unlisted parent 巨化集团, phase 1 of 1,000 t/a running. Investors have publicly disputed which entity holds the equity and the patents. Confirm the contracting legal entity on the PI, not the ticker.
    • VERDICT — 三美股份 603379 as a coolant/dielectric fluid maker: REFUTED. Its own website lists hydrofluoric acid, refrigerants, blowing agents, etching materials and by-products only. Remove it from the coolant supplier list.
    • VERDICT — 永和股份 605020 as an immersion coolant maker: OVERSTATED. Real line is fluorocarbon chemicals, fluoropolymers (PTFE/FEP/PFA/PVDF) and fluorine fine chemicals including 全氟己酮 (FK-5-1-12) — a fire-suppression agent. Keep it as a fire-agent and fluoropolymer supplier; delete the coolant claim.
  • Battery monitoring system sensor / module (per-block impedance and temperature)电池监测传感器/模块
    PowerHS 9030.39per pieceCN supply: strong
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Filter class fraud: media sold as ePM1 55% (F7) that tests at coarse-filter performance. Demand the ISO 16890 report number, the accredited laboratory and the report date, and spot-test media from the delivered lot — not from the sample.
    • Nominal versus actual filter dimensions: a filter quoted as 600x600 that measures 592x592 against a frame expecting 595x595 leaks unfiltered air around the element and voids the rated efficiency entirely. Always specify actual mm and tolerance.
    • Buying filters on unit price instead of Eurovent energy class: a filter 30 Pa higher in initial pressure drop can cost more in fan energy over one service life than the entire unit price difference. Compare kWh/yr at 0.944 m3/s, then price.
    • PTM7950 and high-end TIM counterfeits: this is the single most counterfeited item in the data-centre consumable catalogue. Relabelled generic phase-change film is endemic on Chinese marketplaces. Buy only via authorised distribution with lot traceability, and verify storage conditions in transit.
    • Coolant supplied as industrial glycol cut with tap water rather than certified DI water, with no inhibitor package. Conductivity on arrival is the tell — test every drum against a stated uS/cm limit and reject on the number, not on the label.
    • Automotive or HVAC inhibited coolant sold as data-centre coolant: silicates and borates drop out and foul cold-plate microchannels months later. Require a written silicate-free, borate-free, nitrite-free, amine-free declaration.
    • Fitting a mixed-bed DI polishing cartridge to an inhibited PG25 loop: the resin strips the inhibitor package out of the fluid and corrosion begins silently. Common and expensive design error, usually made by whoever specified the CDU rather than the fluid.
  • Battery off-gas / VOC early-warning detector电池热失控气体探测器（可燃气体/VOC/CO/H2）
    PowerHS 9027.10per pcCN supply: strong
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The aspirating detector is quoted without the pipe-network hydraulic calculation. The unit is a commodity; the calculation is the product. Without a calculation showing transport time and per-hole sensitivity for YOUR hall geometry, you have bought a box that will alarm late or never. Make the calculation a pre-shipment deliverable, and re-run it if the pipe route changes on site.
    • ASD sampling pipe bought separately at a different internal diameter than the calculation assumed. This silently invalidates the transport-time result. Buy pipe and detector as one scope, or state the design ID in the pipe RFQ.
    • Point smoke detectors specified as primary detection in a high-airflow hall. At 40-60+ air changes per hour smoke is diluted below the detector threshold. Point detectors are the cross-zone confirmation layer for gas release. If the Chinese design shows only point detection in the main hall, the design is wrong for the airflow, regardless of how many detectors are drawn.
    • Ceiling-only ASD sampling. In a hot-aisle-contained hall with high air change rates the smoke goes to the return air path. Three-level sampling (ceiling, return air duct, under-floor or in-cabinet) is the arrangement that actually detects. In-duct sampling is the level most often value-engineered out.
    • Gas suppression quoted without an over-pressure relief vent area calculation, and without a room integrity (door fan) test. Undersized vents damage the room structure on discharge; a leaky room loses the agent long before the 10-minute hold time. Both are cheap and both are routinely absent from Chinese scope.
    • IG-541 quoted at attractive unit price without the buyer noticing it needs 8-12x the cylinder-room floor area of an HFC-227ea system, plus 15-30 MPa pipework and supports. The cylinder room area is a building design decision that must be made before the RFQ, not discovered after award.
    • Pre-action valve quoted as single interlock when the requirement is double interlock. The word 'pre-action' alone does not specify it. Single interlock admits water on a detection event alone. Write 'double interlock (detection AND sprinkler operation)' in the specification.
  • Battery-room / BESS pack-level suppression package电池舱/电池簇消防系统（全氟己酮或气溶胶）
    PowerHS 8424.10per setCN supply: strong
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The aspirating detector is quoted without the pipe-network hydraulic calculation. The unit is a commodity; the calculation is the product. Without a calculation showing transport time and per-hole sensitivity for YOUR hall geometry, you have bought a box that will alarm late or never. Make the calculation a pre-shipment deliverable, and re-run it if the pipe route changes on site.
    • ASD sampling pipe bought separately at a different internal diameter than the calculation assumed. This silently invalidates the transport-time result. Buy pipe and detector as one scope, or state the design ID in the pipe RFQ.
    • Point smoke detectors specified as primary detection in a high-airflow hall. At 40-60+ air changes per hour smoke is diluted below the detector threshold. Point detectors are the cross-zone confirmation layer for gas release. If the Chinese design shows only point detection in the main hall, the design is wrong for the airflow, regardless of how many detectors are drawn.
    • Ceiling-only ASD sampling. In a hot-aisle-contained hall with high air change rates the smoke goes to the return air path. Three-level sampling (ceiling, return air duct, under-floor or in-cabinet) is the arrangement that actually detects. In-duct sampling is the level most often value-engineered out.
    • Gas suppression quoted without an over-pressure relief vent area calculation, and without a room integrity (door fan) test. Undersized vents damage the room structure on discharge; a leaky room loses the agent long before the 10-minute hold time. Both are cheap and both are routinely absent from Chinese scope.
    • IG-541 quoted at attractive unit price without the buyer noticing it needs 8-12x the cylinder-room floor area of an HFC-227ea system, plus 15-30 MPa pipework and supports. The cylinder room area is a building design decision that must be made before the RFQ, not discovered after award.
    • Pre-action valve quoted as single interlock when the requirement is double interlock. The word 'pre-action' alone does not specify it. Single interlock admits water on a detection event alone. Write 'double interlock (detection AND sprinkler operation)' in the specification.
  • Battery room hydrogen detection and forced ventilation package电池室氢气探测及强制通风系统
    PowerHS 9027.10per systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • BBU (battery backup unit) shelf for OCP-style racksBBU 电池备份单元 / BBU 电池框 (机架式)
    PowerHS 8507.60per shelfCN supply: strong
    PRC licence

    Requires a PRC dual-use export licence held by the supplier (两用物项出口管制条例, in force 2024-12-01).

    2 questions ready1 of them decide comparabilitysee the question set →
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Branch circuit monitoring module and power quality meter支路电流监测模块 / 电能质量分析仪
    PowerHS 9030.31contestedper moduleCN supply: dominant
    classify first

    Missing as a standalone line. Accuracy class is the whole product — the report says this for rack PDUs but not for the switchboard layer, where billing and PUE reporting actually depend on it. Networked meters are in CRA scope from 11 Sep 2026.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Branch circuit monitoring system (BCMS) sensor strip for RPP/panelboard分支回路监测系统 BCMS (列头柜/配电柜分路计量)
    PowerHS 9030.39per system per cabinetCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Bulk diesel storage tank and day tank set柴油储油罐 / 日用油箱 及输油系统
    PowerHS 7309.00per tank / systemCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Bulk fuel tank, day tank and fuel polishing skid储油罐 / 日用油箱 / 燃油净化装置
    PowerHS 7309.00per setCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Bunded external bulk fuel tank module外置双层/围堰式柴油储罐模块
    PowerHS 7309.00 / 7311.00contestedper moduleCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Cooling sized at 25 °C, not at your real ambient. Chinese vendors habitually publish nominal cooling capacity at benign conditions. A DX in-row unit rated 40 kW at 35 °C outdoor may deliver 26–30 kW at 48 °C in the Gulf, and its condenser may trip on high pressure entirely. Demand the capacity table at YOUR site design ambient (dry bulb and wet bulb, 0.4% ASHRAE annual percentile), and make the derated figure the contractual number.
    • 'IP55' that is IP55 only on the shell. Aipu-Waton's own literature confirms IP65 is a customisation, not a default. Louvres, cable entries, condenser openings and door seals are where ingress actually happens. In sandstorm or coastal environments specify the filtration class (G4/F7), the coating system (C5-M per ISO 12944 for marine), and require an ingress test report on the assembled unit, not a component certificate.
    • No UL 2755 certification for a North American destination. UL 2755:2025 is the Outline of Investigation that US and Canadian AHJs now reference for prefabricated modular data centre systems. Almost no Chinese factory holds it as standard, and obtaining it retrospectively means factory inspection plus rework. Ask for the certificate number and the certifying body (UL Solutions, Intertek or CSA) before, not after, the PO.
    • Component CE certificates presented as an assembly CE mark. There is no unitary CE mark for a modular data centre. What is required is a technical file combining LVD, EMC, Machinery Directive (for moving parts), pressure equipment (for the cooling circuit), and construction product evidence for the enclosure, plus a Declaration of Conformity naming the assembly. A folder of supplier CE certificates for the UPS and the AC unit is not that.
    • Standards mismatch that voids your local design code. GB 50174-2017 explicitly excludes outdoor container-based facilities from its scope. If a supplier cites GB 50174 compliance for a container product, they are citing the wrong standard — the applicable Chinese document is GB/T 36448-2018, with GB/T 1413 and GB/T 5338 for the box itself. Neither maps cleanly onto EN 50600 or the Uptime Institute Tier system, and a container is very hard to certify as Tier III concurrently maintainable.
    • Rated payload exceeded, silently. A 40HQ has a rated payload around 26–28 t. A fully fitted 40ft data centre with racks, UPS, batteries, transformer and a filled liquid loop routinely exceeds it. The unit then cannot be stowed as ordinary FCL, cannot be lifted by standard terminal equipment, and cannot legally travel on many roads. Get the weight certificate — dry, and wet-and-populated — in writing before booking freight.
    • Out-of-gauge cargo discovered after signing. Anything wider than 2438 mm or taller than 2896 mm is out-of-gauge: flat-rack or breakbulk stowage, special handling, route survey, escorts and permits. Huawei's FusionDC1000B core module at 3600 mm high is already in this category. On difficult inland routes the freight and permit cost can approach the module price. Establish the transport envelope before the technical spec is frozen.
  • Busway tap-off box / breaker spare母线插接箱/断路器备件
    Powerper pcCN supply: moderate
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • VERDICT — 3M PFAS exit: CONFIRMED. Press release dated 2022-12-20 commits 3M to discontinue all fluoropolymers, fluorinated fluids and PFAS-based additive products by end-2025; that is the mechanism removing Novec and Fluorinert. The release does not name those brands, so do not quote it as if it does.
    • VERDICT — '3M is now PFAS-free': OVERSTATED. 3M's own FY2025 report says the manufacturing exit completed at end-2025, but ChemSec's analysis of that report counts ~14,000 products still containing PFAS and 139 PFAS types still in use. The exit is of manufacture, not of use.
    • VERDICT — EU universal PFAS restriction is in force: REFUTED. It is a proposal. RAC opinion adopted 2026-03-02; SEAC draft opinion published 2026-03-26 with a 60-day consultation; final SEAC opinion expected end-2026, then Commission legislative decision. Nothing is banned yet.
    • TRAP — PFPE and HFE are themselves PFAS under the ECHA proposal. Selling a Chinese PFPE or HFE as the 'compliant replacement' for Novec into an EU-bound project is a regulatory time bomb, not a solution. Both RAC and SEAC recommended cutting many proposed derogations.
    • VERDICT — 巨化股份 600160 makes electronic fluorinated fluids: CONFIRMED (HFE D-series, PFPE JHT-series). ENTITY TRAP: the 5,000 t/a 巨芯冷却液 PFPE coolant project sits in 浙江创氟高科新材料, controlled by unlisted parent 巨化集团, phase 1 of 1,000 t/a running. Investors have publicly disputed which entity holds the equity and the patents. Confirm the contracting legal entity on the PI, not the ticker.
    • VERDICT — 三美股份 603379 as a coolant/dielectric fluid maker: REFUTED. Its own website lists hydrofluoric acid, refrigerants, blowing agents, etching materials and by-products only. Remove it from the coolant supplier list.
    • VERDICT — 永和股份 605020 as an immersion coolant maker: OVERSTATED. Real line is fluorocarbon chemicals, fluoropolymers (PTFE/FEP/PFA/PVDF) and fluorine fine chemicals including 全氟己酮 (FK-5-1-12) — a fire-suppression agent. Keep it as a fire-agent and fluoropolymer supplier; delete the coolant claim.
  • Busway tap-off box / plug-in unit, 63-250A with MCCB母线槽插接箱 63-250A
    PowerHS 8537.10per pieceCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Filter class fraud: media sold as ePM1 55% (F7) that tests at coarse-filter performance. Demand the ISO 16890 report number, the accredited laboratory and the report date, and spot-test media from the delivered lot — not from the sample.
    • Nominal versus actual filter dimensions: a filter quoted as 600x600 that measures 592x592 against a frame expecting 595x595 leaks unfiltered air around the element and voids the rated efficiency entirely. Always specify actual mm and tolerance.
    • Buying filters on unit price instead of Eurovent energy class: a filter 30 Pa higher in initial pressure drop can cost more in fan energy over one service life than the entire unit price difference. Compare kWh/yr at 0.944 m3/s, then price.
    • PTM7950 and high-end TIM counterfeits: this is the single most counterfeited item in the data-centre consumable catalogue. Relabelled generic phase-change film is endemic on Chinese marketplaces. Buy only via authorised distribution with lot traceability, and verify storage conditions in transit.
    • Coolant supplied as industrial glycol cut with tap water rather than certified DI water, with no inhibitor package. Conductivity on arrival is the tell — test every drum against a stated uS/cm limit and reject on the number, not on the label.
    • Automotive or HVAC inhibited coolant sold as data-centre coolant: silicates and borates drop out and foul cold-plate microchannels months later. Require a written silicate-free, borate-free, nitrite-free, amine-free declaration.
    • Fitting a mixed-bed DI polishing cartridge to an inhibited PG25 loop: the resin strips the inhibitor package out of the fluid and corrosion begins silently. Common and expensive design error, usually made by whoever specified the CDU rather than the fluid.
  • Busway tap-off box (plug-in unit), 63-630 A母线槽插接箱 (带 MCCB)
    PowerHS 8537.10per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Busway tap-off box with integral breaker and metering母线槽插接箱（含断路器与计量）
    PowerHS 8537.10contestedper boxCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Cast-resin / air-insulated busway, 1000-6300 A密集型母线槽 / 空气型母线槽
    PowerHS 8537.10per m + fittingsCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Cast-resin dry-type transformer, 1000–2500 kVA环氧树脂浇注干式变压器 1000-2500kVA
    PowerHS 8504.23 / 8504.22contestedper unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Cooling sized at 25 °C, not at your real ambient. Chinese vendors habitually publish nominal cooling capacity at benign conditions. A DX in-row unit rated 40 kW at 35 °C outdoor may deliver 26–30 kW at 48 °C in the Gulf, and its condenser may trip on high pressure entirely. Demand the capacity table at YOUR site design ambient (dry bulb and wet bulb, 0.4% ASHRAE annual percentile), and make the derated figure the contractual number.
    • 'IP55' that is IP55 only on the shell. Aipu-Waton's own literature confirms IP65 is a customisation, not a default. Louvres, cable entries, condenser openings and door seals are where ingress actually happens. In sandstorm or coastal environments specify the filtration class (G4/F7), the coating system (C5-M per ISO 12944 for marine), and require an ingress test report on the assembled unit, not a component certificate.
    • No UL 2755 certification for a North American destination. UL 2755:2025 is the Outline of Investigation that US and Canadian AHJs now reference for prefabricated modular data centre systems. Almost no Chinese factory holds it as standard, and obtaining it retrospectively means factory inspection plus rework. Ask for the certificate number and the certifying body (UL Solutions, Intertek or CSA) before, not after, the PO.
    • Component CE certificates presented as an assembly CE mark. There is no unitary CE mark for a modular data centre. What is required is a technical file combining LVD, EMC, Machinery Directive (for moving parts), pressure equipment (for the cooling circuit), and construction product evidence for the enclosure, plus a Declaration of Conformity naming the assembly. A folder of supplier CE certificates for the UPS and the AC unit is not that.
    • Standards mismatch that voids your local design code. GB 50174-2017 explicitly excludes outdoor container-based facilities from its scope. If a supplier cites GB 50174 compliance for a container product, they are citing the wrong standard — the applicable Chinese document is GB/T 36448-2018, with GB/T 1413 and GB/T 5338 for the box itself. Neither maps cleanly onto EN 50600 or the Uptime Institute Tier system, and a container is very hard to certify as Tier III concurrently maintainable.
    • Rated payload exceeded, silently. A 40HQ has a rated payload around 26–28 t. A fully fitted 40ft data centre with racks, UPS, batteries, transformer and a filled liquid loop routinely exceeds it. The unit then cannot be stowed as ordinary FCL, cannot be lifted by standard terminal equipment, and cannot legally travel on many roads. Get the weight certificate — dry, and wet-and-populated — in writing before booking freight.
    • Out-of-gauge cargo discovered after signing. Anything wider than 2438 mm or taller than 2896 mm is out-of-gauge: flat-rack or breakbulk stowage, special handling, route survey, escorts and permits. Huawei's FusionDC1000B core module at 3600 mm high is already in this category. On difficult inland routes the freight and permit cost can approach the module price. Establish the transport envelope before the technical spec is frozen.
  • Cast-resin dry-type transformer, 1000-3150 kVA环氧树脂浇注干式变压器
    PowerHS 8504.34per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • The 'manufacturer' that is a trading company. On Alibaba and Made-in-China this is the default state for racks, containment, rack PDUs, cabling and small cooling accessories. The distinguishing evidence: (a) 经营范围 in the business licence says 销售/贸易 but not 生产; (b) the 'factory address' equals the registered office and is in an office tower, not an industrial park; (c) no 生产许可 or product certification is held in the seller's own name — certificates show a different company; (d) they are not in any CIOE/China Refrigeration/CDCC exhibitor list; (e) they quote across five unrelated categories. Always cross-check the 统一社会信用代码 on gsxt.gov.cn.
    • The reverse trap: assuming a trader is always bad. For a 20-line mixed BOM, a competent Guangdong trading company is often the only party that will handle consolidation, export documentation and one invoice. The trap is paying manufacturer margins for trader service, or letting the trader hide who actually made the goods so warranty has no counterparty.
    • Cooling capacity quoted at undeclared conditions. A '100 kW' CRAH at 15/21C chilled water is a different machine from a '100 kW' CRAH at 12/18C, and a '35 kW' passive rear door at 12C water is not the same product as one at 18C. Chinese quotes routinely omit the conditions and Western buyers routinely compare the headline number.
    • CDU kW ratings with only one loop temperature. A CDU is defined by primary in, primary out, secondary in, secondary out and both flow rates. A single number is not a specification and cannot be compared across vendors.
    • Residual air heat in liquid-cooled racks. Vendors state '90% heat captured to liquid' and buyers size the room for 10%. In practice the uncaptured fraction is often 15-25% under real workloads, and a 120 kW rack then dumps 25 kW into a hall designed for 12. Ask for kW of residual air heat per chassis, in writing.
    • Filled floor loading for immersion tanks. A filled immersion tank can exceed 2,000 kg/m2. Chinese quotes give the dry weight. The building, not the tank, is what fails.
    • Aluminium substituted for copper in busbar, busway and switchgear. It is legal, it meets the current rating, and it is not what the buyer priced. Specify conductor material and cross-section, and weigh a sample on arrival.
  • Cast resin dry-type transformer, 10/0.4 kV, 1000-2000 kVA环氧树脂浇注干式变压器 SCB13/SCB14 10/0.4kV
    PowerHS 8504.34per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Cast resin dry-type transformer, 2500-3150 kVA干式变压器 2500/3150kVA 大容量
    PowerHS 8504.34per unitCN supply: dominant
    unrestricted
    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • kVA quoted where kW is meant. A 500 kVA UPS at 0.9 output power factor delivers 450 kW. Chinese modular UPS is now usually unity-PF, but older platforms and cheap bids are not, and the 10% gap is invisible until commissioning. Always demand both numbers and the output PF.
    • Battery quoted in ampere-hours. UPS batteries are sized in watts per cell at a specified end voltage for a specified time, because data centre autonomies are short and high-rate. An Ah figure tells you almost nothing about whether the string will hold the load for 10 minutes. A supplier who quotes only Ah either does not understand UPS duty or is hoping you do not.
    • Autonomy quoted at nameplate, not at end of life or at the real ambient. Ten minutes at a new battery at 25 C can be six or seven minutes at end of warranty in a 35 C battery room. Specify the sizing conditions in the RFQ.
    • Transformer losses that fail EU Ecodesign Tier 2. The standard Chinese SCB13 dry-type is a fine transformer that in many ratings simply cannot be legally placed on the EU market under Regulation (EU) 548/2014 as amended by 2019/1783. Buyers discover this after the letter of credit is open. Ask for guaranteed watt figures, not a class name, and check them against the regulation before ordering.
    • SF6 ring main units quoted into the EU. The F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573 restricts new SF6 MV switchgear placed on the EU market. A Chinese supplier's default RMU is SF6. The SF6-free alternative exists but Chinese depth in it is much thinner and the type-test evidence is often a family read-across rather than a test of the quoted model.
    • Genset emission tier assumed transferable. India's CPCB IV+ has applied to DG sets since July 2023 and disqualifies most Chinese-packaged engines outright. EU Stage V and US EPA Tier 4 are separate hurdles again. An engine certified for the Chinese domestic non-road standard is not installable in these markets, and no amount of documentation fixes it after shipment. This is the single most expensive mistake in the category.
    • Busway quoted without a common routing drawing. Straight lengths are the cheap, easy-to-compare part. Elbows, tees, offsets, expansion joints, fire barriers, end feeds and hangers frequently exceed the cost of the straights and vary enormously between bidders reading the same layout differently. Issue one routing drawing revision and require an itemised bill of fittings against it, or the tender is theatre.
  • Cold-standby / cold-redundancy capable PSU pairing冷冗余（休眠）电源配置
    PowerHS 8504.40per setCN supply: strong
    unrestricted

    Control status not established per item; treated as ordinary goods because the item class carries no integrated circuit that the .z paragraphs would reach. Verify before a first shipment.

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Hold-up time simply absent from the quote. CRPS baseline is 12ms at 50% load; a supplier who omits it has usually cut bulk capacitance. Always demand the number plus the load, input voltage, and the scope capture. Two 'identical' 800W CRPS units can differ by 40% in bulk cap cost and only this field exposes it.
    • Efficiency quoted at the flattering load point. 'Up to 96%' is always the 50% load figure at 230V. Titanium 230V EU requires 90/93/95/91% at 10/20/50/100% with PF>=0.95, and Titanium is the only tier that even tests the 10% point - which is where a lightly loaded redundant pair actually sits.
    • 80 PLUS claimed but not certified. Fake 80 PLUS marks on Chinese-market PSUs are documented. The registry at plugloadsolutions.com is free and public - require the exact searchable model name and report number, and treat 'meets Platinum standard' as uncertified.
    • Low-line derating hidden. A '1600W' CRPS may deliver ~1000W at 100-127VAC. Always require the rating at both input windows in writing.
    • Fan curves given as max CFM only. Free-air CFM is meaningless inside a 1U at high impedance. Without the full P-Q curve and max static pressure you cannot tell whether the fan moves any air in the actual chassis.
    • 'Dual rotor' where only one rotor is driven. Counter-rotating fans command a premium for a reason; confirm both rotors are independently driven with their own PWM and tach signals.
    • Fan L10 life quoted at 40C. A 120,000-hour claim at 40C is roughly a quarter of that at 70C. Always require the temperature that goes with the life number.
  • Containerised BESS for data-centre backup / peak shaving数据中心用集装箱储能系统
    PowerHS 8507.60per unitCN supply: dominant
    PRC licence

    Requires a PRC dual-use export licence held by the supplier (两用物项出口管制条例, in force 2024-12-01).

    7 ways buyers get burned here
    • Cooling sized at 25 °C, not at your real ambient. Chinese vendors habitually publish nominal cooling capacity at benign conditions. A DX in-row unit rated 40 kW at 35 °C outdoor may deliver 26–30 kW at 48 °C in the Gulf, and its condenser may trip on high pressure entirely. Demand the capacity table at YOUR site design ambient (dry bulb and wet bulb, 0.4% ASHRAE annual percentile), and make the derated figure the contractual number.
    • 'IP55' that is IP55 only on the shell. Aipu-Waton's own literature confirms IP65 is a customisation, not a default. Louvres, cable entries, condenser openings and door seals are where ingress actually happens. In sandstorm or coastal environments specify the filtration class (G4/F7), the coating system (C5-M per ISO 12944 for marine), and require an ingress test report on the assembled unit, not a component certificate.
    • No UL 2755 certification for a North American destination. UL 2755:2025 is the Outline of Investigation that US and Canadian AHJs now reference for prefabricated modular data centre systems. Almost no Chinese factory holds it as standard, and obtaining it retrospectively means factory inspection plus rework. Ask for the certificate number and the certifying body (UL Solutions, Intertek or CSA) before, not after, the PO.
    • Component CE certificates presented as an assembly CE mark. There is no unitary CE mark for a modular data centre. What is required is a technical file combining LVD, EMC, Machinery Directive (for moving parts), pressure equipment (for the cooling circuit), and construction product evidence for the enclosure, plus a Declaration of Conformity naming the assembly. A folder of supplier CE certificates for the UPS and the AC unit is not that.
    • Standards mismatch that voids your local design code. GB 50174-2017 explicitly excludes outdoor container-based facilities from its scope. If a supplier cites GB 50174 compliance for a container product, they are citing the wrong standard — the applicable Chinese document is GB/T 36448-2018, with GB/T 1413 and GB/T 5338 for the box itself. Neither maps cleanly onto EN 50600 or the Uptime Institute Tier system, and a container is very hard to certify as Tier III concurrently maintainable.
    • Rated payload exceeded, silently. A 40HQ has a rated payload around 26–28 t. A fully fitted 40ft data centre with racks, UPS, batteries, transformer and a filled liquid loop routinely exceeds it. The unit then cannot be stowed as ordinary FCL, cannot be lifted by standard terminal equipment, and cannot legally travel on many roads. Get the weight certificate — dry, and wet-and-populated — in writing before booking freight.
    • Out-of-gauge cargo discovered after signing. Anything wider than 2438 mm or taller than 2896 mm is out-of-gauge: flat-rack or breakbulk stowage, special handling, route survey, escorts and permits. Huawei's FusionDC1000B core module at 3600 mm high is already in this category. On difficult inland routes the freight and permit cost can approach the module price. Establish the transport envelope before the technical spec is frozen.
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